Understanding of Migration

Migration is the movement of people in order to settle from one place to another place beyond the political / state or administrative boundaries / limits the inside of a country.

            Two dimensions are important in migration

1. Time Dimension

            Dimensions relating to when a person is a migrant. Connecticut uses six-month period to decide that a person in a household is still considered to be resident when he was in the household on an ongoing basis or have been settled in that place at least six months in a row.

2. Places Dimention

            Differentiated into interstate migration, namely:
1. International Migration: Migration of population from one country to another.
2. Internal Migration: Population movement that occurs in a country such as provinces and cities.

            International Migration

            Is the migration from one country to another. Migration is an influx of people into a country called immigration, on the contrary, if the migration was a resident of a state discharge, it is called emigration.

            International migration is one example of the macro process is the process performed by a large number or done on the long term.

Woytinsky identified five the international migration flows in the modern age:

1. European migration to North America since the 17th century.
2. European migration to South America and the Caribbean since the 16th century.
3. European migration to South Africa, and Australia..
4. Import slaves from Africa to the New World (America) since the 16th century.
5. Chinese and Indian migration to neighboring countries.
6. In the above outflow was estimated around 60 million Europeans emigrated.
   The analysis considers the International Migration is a political problem at the national level.
   One form of international migration has always been the issue since 1980 is nasioanal labor migration from Indonesia. Sectors of interest job as domestic servants, plantation, factory workers and drivers. Countries that absorb workers is Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. However most of the overseas workers are women who are vulnerable to various problems ranging from departure to return.

Types of International Migration

            Shryock and Siegel distinguish the various types of mass movement are:

1. Conquest and Invasion

            Conquest and invasion is often followed by colonization, especially if the natives are few and their physical environment is rich.

2. Colonialism

            In this process occurs colonization that is a displacement in time of peace and settlement includes the families of the colonial state into the territory of the colony.

3. Forced displacement is

            Forcible population displacement as displacement slaves from West Africa to the southern United States but rarely occurs.

4. Refugee

            Refugees are usually the victims of political upheaval, can affect large numbers of people, eg refugees in P. Galang.

Factors that Influence Migration

            Basically, the factors that cause a person to perform the migration can be grouped into two namely:

1. Drivers (push factors) can be:

            a. More reduction in the sources of life, such as agricultural produce diminishing returns.

            b.           Narrowing of jobs in the area of ​​origin.

            c.            The existence of political pressures, religious, and tribal rights to disturb residents in the area of ​​origin.

            d. The reason of education, employment or marriage.

            e. Natural disasters such as floods, fires, earthquakes, drought and disease outbreaks.

2.             Attractor Factor (pull factors)

            a. The presence of hope will have an opportunity to improve lives.

            b. The opportunity to obtain a better education.

            c. The environment and pleasant living conditions, such as the fulfillment of public facilities.

            d. The existence of activities in large cities, places of entertainment or cultural center which is an attraction for people of other regions to settle in large cities.

According to Lee (1966) there are four factors that cause people to decide to perform the migration:

1. The factors contained in the regions of origin.
2. The factors contained in the destination.
3. Obstacles that hamper.
4. Personal Factors

            Daftar Pustaka

Banowati, Eva. 2009. Geografi Sosial. Semarang:  UNNES.

FEUI, Lembaga Demografi. 2010. Dasar- Dasar Demografi Edisi 2. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.

Sembiring, RK. 1985. Demografi. Jakarta: PT. Etasa Dinamika.

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